dir([object]) returns a list of attributes and methods
object : ( Optional ) List of attributes and methods are returned.
List of names in local scope or attributes and methods of an object. If we input any module then it gives information about the module.
If input object is given then the attributes and methods are returned.
Without any arguments, dir() returns the list of names in current local scope.
Don’t forget to restart and clear the output of the Kernel when you try dir() by adding or removing modules or objects.
print(dir())
Output
['In', 'Out', '_', '_2', '__', '___', '__builtin__', '__builtins__',
'__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_dh',
'_i', '_i1','_i2', '_i3', '_ih', '_ii', '_iii', '_oh', 'exit',
'get_ipython', 'quit']
Using a module
Using object ( user defined )
We get a list of attributes ( without value ). If __dir__() method is there then internally it is called.
class my_class():
def __dir__(self):
return ['One','Two','Three']
dir(my_class())
Output
['One', 'Three', 'Two']
If __dir__() is not there then __dict__ is used. ( __dict__ is the dictionary containing the object's symbol table)
class my_class():
def my_name(self):
self.name='plus2net'
self.age=20
return self.name
my=my_class()
#print(my.my_name())
print(dir(my_class()))
#print(my.__dict__)
Using a list
my_list=['One','Two','Three']
print(dir(my_list))
Output
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__',
'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
Using module
Let us check math module
import math
print(dir(math))
Output
['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2', 'modf', 'nan', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'remainder', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tau', 'trunc']
Built in Functions in Python
Here is a list of Built in functions available in core Python. No need to add any external module to use these built in functions. Check here how such list of built in functions is generated by importing builtins module and then using dir() to get the list of functions.
import builtins
for i in dir(builtins):
#print("<tr><td>" + i + "</td><td> </td></tr>")
print(i)
print("Total Builtin Functions : ",len(dir(builtins)))
«All Built in Functions in Python
locals() ord()
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