Training a Neural Network in PyTorch

Introduction

Once you’ve defined your model, the next step is training. In PyTorch, training involves preparing data, defining a loss function and optimizer, and implementing the training loop where forward and backward passes are performed.

Step-by-Step Training Workflow

1. Create a dataset and DataLoader
2. Define the model using nn.Module
3. Select a loss function and optimizer
4. Iterate over data, compute output and loss, and update weights

Sample Dataset

import torch
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, TensorDataset

# Dummy data
X = torch.tensor([[1.0], [2.0], [3.0], [4.0]])
y = torch.tensor([[2.0], [4.0], [6.0], [8.0]])

# Wrap in DataLoader
dataset = TensorDataset(X, y)
loader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=2, shuffle=True)

Define a Simple Model

import torch.nn as nn

class LinearModel(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(LinearModel, self).__init__()
        self.linear = nn.Linear(1, 1)

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.linear(x)

model = LinearModel()

Loss Function and Optimizer

criterion = nn.MSELoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.01)

Training Loop

epochs = 100
for epoch in range(epochs):
    for batch_X, batch_y in loader:
        # Forward pass
        outputs = model(batch_X)
        loss = criterion(outputs, batch_y)
        
        # Backward pass and optimization
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
    
    if (epoch + 1) % 10 == 0:
        print(f"Epoch [{epoch+1}/{epochs}], Loss: {loss.item():.4f}")

Saving and Loading Model

# Save model
torch.save(model.state_dict(), 'linear_model.pth')

# Load model
model2 = LinearModel()
model2.load_state_dict(torch.load('linear_model.pth'))

Adding Validation During Training

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, TensorDataset, random_split

X = torch.tensor([[1.0], [2.0], [3.0], [4.0], [5.0]])
y = torch.tensor([[2.0], [4.0], [6.0], [8.0], [10.0]])

dataset = TensorDataset(X, y)
train_set, val_set = random_split(dataset, [4, 1])

train_loader = DataLoader(train_set, batch_size=2, shuffle=True)
val_loader = DataLoader(val_set, batch_size=1)

class LinearModel(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(LinearModel, self).__init__()
        self.linear = nn.Linear(1, 1)

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.linear(x)

model = LinearModel()
criterion = nn.MSELoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.01)

epochs = 50
for epoch in range(epochs):
    # Training phase
    model.train()
    for batch_X, batch_y in train_loader:
        outputs = model(batch_X)
        loss = criterion(outputs, batch_y)
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

    # Validation phase
    model.eval()
    with torch.no_grad():
        for val_X, val_y in val_loader:
            val_output = model(val_X)
            val_loss = criterion(val_output, val_y)

    if (epoch + 1) % 10 == 0:
        print(f"Epoch [{epoch+1}/{epochs}], Train Loss: {loss.item():.4f}, Val Loss: {val_loss.item():.4f}")

• Uses random_split() to divide data into training and validation sets.
• model.train() and model.eval() set the mode for training and inference, respectively.
• torch.no_grad() is used during validation to reduce memory usage.

Use Case: Batch Training with Multiple Features

X = torch.tensor([
    [1.0, 2.0],
    [2.0, 3.0],
    [3.0, 4.0],
    [4.0, 5.0]
])
y = torch.tensor([[5.0], [7.0], [9.0], [11.0]])

dataset = TensorDataset(X, y)
loader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=2, shuffle=True)

class TwoFeatureLinear(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(TwoFeatureLinear, self).__init__()
        self.linear = nn.Linear(2, 1)

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.linear(x)

model = TwoFeatureLinear()
criterion = nn.MSELoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.05)

for epoch in range(30):
    for batch_X, batch_y in loader:
        pred = model(batch_X)
        loss = criterion(pred, batch_y)
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

print("Final Weights:", model.linear.weight)
print("Final Bias:", model.linear.bias)

• This example demonstrates training a model with two input features using the Adam optimizer.
• At the end of training, we output learned weights and bias to inspect model parameters.

Saving and Loading Models

# Save the model weights only
torch.save(model.state_dict(), 'model_weights.pth')

# To load later
loaded_model = TwoFeatureLinear()
loaded_model.load_state_dict(torch.load('model_weights.pth'))
loaded_model.eval()

• Always call .eval() after loading if you're performing inference.
• state_dict() contains all learnable weights and biases in the model.

Conclusion

With PyTorch, training a model involves a clear and flexible loop for computing predictions, evaluating loss, and updating weights. DataLoader efficiently handles batching and shuffling, making training both simple and scalable.

Subhendu Mohapatra

Author

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